Mapping Pathways is a multi-national project to develop and nurture a research-driven, community-led global understanding of the emerging evidence base around the adoption of antiretroviral-based prevention strategies to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The evidence base is more than results from clinical trials - it must include stakeholder and community perspectives as well.

31 May 2011

Metaphors of HIV Prevention : 1. The HIV Prevention Buffet

via Incidence0, by Roger J. Tatoud






In the very early years of the HIV epidemic, as it was becoming clearer that the virus was mostly sexually transmitted, HIV prevention was limited to promoting condom use. For years, that was all that was available to protect oneself whilst politicians were debating the threat and relevance of this new disease, if they were talking about it at all. Then as the disease spread and a new kind of activism was able to draw more attention to what was becoming an epidemic of epic proportion, it became evident that more needed to be done and from limited, HIV prevention became simple as ABC.

ABC soon revealed its limitations. Abstinence never worked for very long, nor did faithfulness, and as for condom, 30 years of the same repetitive message led to a general fatigue. Still, in 2002, behavioural changes – such as the ABC approache, was accepted as key to understanding and combating the sexual transmission of HIV and confirmed as the way forward for HIV prevention.

Came 2008, when it was finally recognised that ABC was simplistic and was failing to achieve notable and sustainable results. Then, Richard Horton wrote in a Lancet editorial “We need combined prevention, including a portfolio of biomedical, behavioural, and structural interventions”.

Combination Prevention is the new metaphor that will be pervading the field for years to come. But to have substance and impact the approach needs to figure out what to combine. Structural interventions are quite straightforward to identify thought far less to implement (e.g. MSM have finally been recognised as a “most at risk population” at the Mexico AIDS conference in 2006 but progress in addressing their needs is still very slow. Women’s rights have been on the table since the eary 70s, and we still talk about them). Behavioural changes interventions have been extensively explored and implemented in a broad range of situations but with limited success. To date there are very few successful biomedical interventions and none that can compare with condoms when considering efficacy only. But it is believed that expanding the range of interventions will be key to a successful control of the epidemic

From here there are different ways to work out the role of biomedical interventions in Combination Prevention, and the HIV Prevention Buffet metaphor (a.k.a “fast food” metaphor) is one of them. Though there is not much on the menu of the Prevention Buffet, the story goes like this:

Read the rest.

[Content that is linked from other sources is for informational purposes and should not construe a Mapping Pathways position.]

30 May 2011

To PrEP or not to PrEP?


An ongoing development in the PrEP landscape is the AIDS Health Foundation’s (AHF) campaign against Gilead Sciences – more accurately, Gilead Sciences’ pursuit of a new indication for prevention from the  FDA for its “AIDS drug” Truvada. While Truvada is currently approved by the FDA for use as part of antiretroviral therapy combinations for individuals already living with HIV or AIDS, whether the pill should be used as a form of pre-exposure prophylaxis for those not infected is what’s under contention by the AHF.

The Truvada pill, a drug compound that consists of Gilead’s drugs Viread (tenofovir DF) and Emtriva (emtricitabine), was studied in both the iPrEx and FEM-PrEP trials to test its efficacy as a form of treatment as prevention. iPrEx showed this successfully, and FEM-PrEP not so successfully. (Read the Mapping Pathways blog post about this here.)

AHF’s campaign to halt Gilead in its pursuit of FDA approval gained new momentum after the FEM-PrEP trial closure. Read more about the AHF’s thoughts about this here and at nomagicpills.org.

The organisation also recently conducted a survey with 822 men to examine “real world” reactions from prospective consumers about taking PrEP and gauging potential adherence issues. Among the findings: 79% of respondents answered “Yes” to the question: “If you could take a pill on a daily basis to prevent HIV, would you take it?” However, only 63% of respondents said they would be “Very Likely” to remember to take the prevention pill every day. Read more about the survey here.

While no-one is contending that PrEP requires a lot more thought before being rolled out fully, many advocates feel that the AHF’s methods of gathering “real world” information are based on half-truths and stereotypes rather than a solid evidence-base. Read this critical analysis of gaps in the AHF survey here.

All this just confirms the need for a lot more objective information from a variety of sources – communities, academics, policymakers and those infected with HIV – to help us understand the rapidly evolving and dynamic PrEP landscape and the various strategies that can be deployed to prevent and eradicate HIV/AIDS.

Jim Pickett, from the AIDS Foundation of Chicago, a Mapping Pathways partner organization, sums this up best: “This discussion is of the moment, everything has just coalesced now, everything is happening now, and communities across the world are grappling with these strategies, wondering, ‘How in the world do we do this when we have all these other struggles? But on the other hand, how do we ignore it; how can we possibly ignore a new tool that could reduce so much suffering?’ And we have to realize that there are going to be different answers for different places in the world, or even in different parts and populations of one country. We’re hoping that the Mapping Pathways initiative will be able to provide some guidance to help figure all this out. There are so many complex issues to unravel and it is our duty to weed through all of these challenges, all of the promises, and all of the potential perils of these new strategies.”

The Mapping Pathways project is also in the process of trying to gather perspectives on these questions from folks in our current focus areas – the US, South Africa, and India. If you’re interested in new ways to prevent transmission of HIV – and want to help shape our project goals and deliverables – we encourage you to take a few minutes and fill in our survey.

Your efforts will be greatly appreciated!

Take the survey now.


[Content that is linked from other sources is for informational purposes and should not construe a Mapping Pathways position.]

26 May 2011

The Lancet: “HIV treatment as prevention – it works”


On May 21, The Lancet published a fascinating editorial on the compelling interim results of the HPTN 052 study, making a strong case for treatment as prevention. The article reinforces the fact that we appear to be on the cusp of a major overhaul with regard to both treatment and prevention. As it points out, “Findings now need to be translated into policy and action. Agencies such as President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria need to reassess their prevention portfolios and consider diverting funds from programmes with poor evidence (such as behavioural change communication) to treatment for prevention. There is now an ethical imperative for guidelines to be revised to start treatment much earlier than recommended.” Ironically enough, this has happened in the middle of the recession, so chances of procuring the necessary funds seem bleak – at least for the next couple of years.

While it is important to note that the HPTN 052 findings cannot be extrapolated to gay men and other MSM (the small number of gay men in the trial is a definite drawback), it seems reasonable to believe that the impacts would be similarly strong among them. Read the full article here, and tell us what you think!

Also, folks from the US, South Africa and India who are interested in new ways to prevent transmission of HIV – and want to help shape our project goals and deliverables – are highly encouraged to take a few minutes and fill in our survey.

Your efforts will be greatly appreciated!

Take the survey now.


[Content that is linked from other sources is for informational purposes and should not construe a Mapping Pathways position.]

23 May 2011

Please take the Mapping Pathways survey and help shape the future of HIV prevention



The Mapping Pathways project has launched on online survey to collect input from individuals in our three target countries - India, South Africa, and the United States.

Folks who are interested in new ways to prevent transmission of HIV - and want to help shape our project goals and deliverables - are highly encouraged to take a few minutes and fill in our survey.

Your efforts will be greatly appreciated!

Take the survey now.

[Content that is linked from other sources is for informational purposes and should not construe a Mapping Pathways position.]

22 May 2011

NYT Times: Drugs Stop AIDS. Take Your Medicine.

[There are some problematic assertions that McNeil makes in this article. One is that HIV+ people who choose to not begin treatment are "selfish" and/or "self-destructive." There are many reasons that a person may have to forestall treatment that wouldn't include either of those negative characterizations. Another troubling idea is that people with HIV are somehow incapable of safer sex practices. In fact, most people who know they are HIV+ do practice safer sex. More unsafe sex happens when people do not know their status. There are a number of other problems with this, see what you think - Mapping Pathways]

via New York Times, by Donal G. McNeil Jr.

There is now, for the first time, hard clinical evidence of an effect that AIDS doctors have suspected for years: If you are H.I.V.-positive, being on antiretroviral drugs will probably save not only your life, but also the lives of your sexual partners.

This month, a randomized clinical trial — the gold standard in medical research — showed that the drugs lowered the chances of infecting a partner by 96 percent.

This is good news for the infected and their lovers. But it is a moral dilemma for doctors whose infected patients do not want to start taking drugs immediately, usually because they do not yet feel sick and have heard exaggerated rumors about side effects.

What does a responsible doctor do with a patient who is sexually active and teeming with a fatal and incurable virus? Advise him to use condoms and trust him to act decently? Beg?

Behind each doctor — whose primary duty is to one patient — there is a government public health bureaucracy, whose duty is to protect the whole country. The epidemic has been killing Americans for 30 years now.

Whose rights should be paramount? Those of the patient? Or those of his healthy spouse — or boyfriend, or date, or hookup, or client, or rape victim, or incest target?

This debate has been going on since AIDS began, and has always been inextricably mixed with the circumstances of its birth: it was a sexually transmitted disease that emerged among gay men in the middle of the sexual revolution and the new gay rights movement. AIDS still carries a huge stigma and provokes hatred wildly out of proportion with the fact that it is simply a new virus. (Neither SARS nor H1N1 were called “God’s wrath.”)

But the fact that there is a new form of prophylaxis reopens old questions.

Several AIDS clinicians interviewed for this article said the idea of forcing treatment onto a patient was repulsive to them.

“It was unthinkable when we had this debate in the early 1980s, and it’s unthinkable in 2011,” said Dr. Myron S. Cohen of the University of North Carolina, who led the study that found the 96 percent protection rate. During a long discussion, he called the idea “medieval” and “a violation of civil rights.”

Read the rest.


[Content that is linked from other sources is for informational purposes and should not construe a Mapping Pathways position.]